Need to keep some flexibility and stay pragmatic on investment opportunitiesHowever on the first two points Kouchner was very lowThe auto issue is organized in WashingtonPolitics must regain power with the banksHe described the peoples of the region Somali Dankalis OgadinesProfitsharing is one thing it is another the Government appeared for what it is iEverything goes back to the Elysée Palace5 million euros last year or an average of 24000 euros per loanyou're talking about order of the factorsEco-districts came across in France. If there is not yet completed achievements, several tens of projects are pregnant. Within two years, many municipalities are launched in the creation of "their" green neighbourhood. Next to the pioneer cities such as Lyon, Grenoble and Dunkirk, it is Lille, Nice, Bordeaux, Nantes, Strasbourg, Rennes, etc. These initiatives are not the exclusive preserve of the metropolis. Angers, Auxerre, Saint-Etienne, Lacave, the Ile-Saint-Denis, Bussy-Saint-Georges, Limeil-Brévannes, Béthune and Merville also engaged. Is this a local elected representatives will construct the sustainable city tomorrow or a mode effect highlights showcase a éco-quartier "Sustainable neighbourhood is not the latest trend of the moment." "There is today a legislative framework", said Pierre Kermen, chargé de mission sustainable development at the University Joseph Fourier of Grenoble and former elected green in the city. One of the directives of the Grenelle environment specific to here in 2012 "at least a éco-quartier should see the day in all the municipalities with significant habitat development programs".
Ecolo but not "bobo".
To encourage the emergence of these "pieces of city" across the territory, the Ministry of ecology, sustainable development and the development of the territory (Meddat) launched October 22, 2008 the competition Eco-districts. Objective of this initiative Encourage voluntary cities (1) to present and promote their projects. "Because of the many issues in preparation, the submission of applications was pushed back to March 30." "Next June, 5 best neighbourhoods will be selected", it indicates to the cabinet of Jean-Louis Borloo. These urban operations will be judged on seven criteria: the water management of waste, biodiversity, mobility, energy sobriety, the density and the eco-construction. Distinguished municipalities will benefit from technical assistance from specialized teams of the Department.
In the meantime a label or an official repository, many achievements are named too fast "green." Are they all Not always. "It sometimes turns to self-report and self-promotion", nuance Pierre Kermen. Remains that the realization of a sustainable neighbourhood is not just to build-side buildings energy efficient and wrapped on the standards, such as the high environmental quality (HQE), very high energy performance (Group) or the building low consumption (BBC). Each program must display a catalogue expanded technical benefits such as ventilation double flow, the facades double skin, insulation in triple thickness, photovoltaic panels on roofs... However, this collection of innovative methods of construction is not an end in itself. "Technological one-upmanship linked to the quest for energy performance is not enough to create a neighbourhood." A too focus on technique, we forget the essential: think of the city. "He must make a place where he made many live with the world in the street, nurseries, public transit, businesses in foot of building, day animation night, on weekdays as weekends," alert Franck Boutté, Director of the Franck Boutté Consultants Agency, specialized in the design and environmental engineering.
A need for adaptation
In addition to providing almost always an urban park or landscape environment with wood and vegetated roofs facades, these places of life must, according to architects and planners, be connected to the rest of the city. "What interest to create a city living apart and displaying four star energy performance", asks Alain Jund, Deputy Mayor of Strasbourg, in charge of urban planning. It is one of criticism to the existing green neighbourhoods abroad as BedZED in London (United Kingdom), Vauban, Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany), Eva Lanxmeer in Culemborg (Netherlands) or Vesterbro in Copenhagen (Denmark). In several national projects, transport and urban transport components were taken into account. "The connection and integration of the new district to the rest of the city are indispensable elements," confirms Guy Geoffroy, President of the Eco mayors association. Sometimes, the timing is not to the appointment. One of the eco-French advanced, Grand Large in Dunkirk, whose first inhabitants to install this summer, is the cost of "seniority". Interim bus lines will be put in service to facilitate access to the downtown area of the first 200 residents. It will have to wait several months for this new sector called for 3,000 inhabitants enjoys a final service.
Another pitfall found among our neighbors: the creation of "rich ghetto". Largely subsidized by their city, pilot operations were so expensive that housing could not be purchased by "green Bobo."
Because of its delay, the France draws lessons from these "neighbourhoods laboratories" elitist. "It is not question that environmental quality is reserved for the most affluent", says Alain Jund. At Limoges, the terraces La Fayette, yet well advanced eco-neighborhood project, has been abandoned by its ING Real Estate promoter for financial reasons. "It has been unable to find a price of output in phase with the values on the local market", explains Fadia Karan, Deputy Director development at ING Real Estate France. "These operations are achievable if find a customer who sell", recalls pragmatically Jean-François Gabilla, President of the Federation of builders sponsors (TDC). For its future eco-quartier, Méridia, the municipality of Nice imposed sponsors the sale of apartments at prices controlled to accommodate its assets. French green areas appear to have also integrated the need to mix the types of habitat. All provide private promotion, on the assumption of social property and social housing. "The current real estate crisis requires us to strengthen the social side of our neighborhoods." We will transform some private housing operations. "This adjustment will facilitate the flow of programs already incurred and make viable the following", argues an elected official.
Born in the countries of Northern and Eastern Europe (Germany, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Sweden) to the harsh climate, the éco-quartier will evolve and offer different solutions to the countries of the South, where it is warmer. "We think with the CSTB logic adapted to the Mediterranean climate", commented Alain Philippe, Deputy Mayor of Nice, in charge of urban planning.
The trend towards the "eco-quartiérisation" is in the air of the time and is diffuse. Some already denounced the "ambient bedzédisation" (in reference to BedZED, London Green District). "The current trend is evil love the orientations other than the South, generous glass, metal, concrete, mineralization of public spaces, the grey, the shopping streets, to the benefit of a spurious and unbearable idea of campaign in the city," critical Franck Boutté. "The sustainable city is produced by an outbreak of Yellow Sun, Brown wood and green chlorophyll neighbourhoods," he continued. Today, eco-districts built on virgin land or almost: on the site of a former shipyard in Dunkirk, a former brewery to Cronenbourg, an industrial wasteland in Strasbourg or place of a former plant Testut in Béthune. "However, the nine is involved to 1 per year to the renewal of the housing stock", said Pierre Kermen. Then, when eco-neighbourhoods in old areas of the city "These new righteous neighbourhoods must be lots of learning and the laboratories of ideas for tomorrow." "A declination must term apply to old neighbourhoods", argues the former Grenoble elected. "He will have to industrialize a process still its infancy," said Gilles Buna, Deputy Mayor of Lyon town planning and the quality of life. Remains whether these neighbourhoods of a new genus recur on a large scale in the cities.
