In Spain the shadow is a cultural phenomenonThe interest is double to the British authoritiesLike Vegeticals which targets the antiaging productsThe administration has given just what markets wanted iDeny the evidence UBS can only attract troubleThree solutions are then available to the GovernmentTrucks moved to chlorinated products spent by sector North reserved to nitrateBecause the strength of the yen does not excuse everything1 a level comparable to that of Sri LankaResistance to the crisis was organised in formula 1"Before, our society was stratified according to the birth: the establishment, protesting at the top, then immigrants, then black.". Today, it is the level of education that is determinative. "Many ways, this system is more fair, but generates new barriers", felt a year ago David Brooks, writer and columnist for the "New York Times".
Yet, the movement of democratization of the post-war period, and then the establishment in the 1960s "affirmative action" programs (affirmative action) had been successful for ethnic minorities and the working class. Yale, allowing only 37 black students in 1964, numbered 755 ten years later. But the trend is reversed at the end of the 1970s: scarcity of budgetary revenues in teaching secondary and higher in many States (1) and increasing reluctance of the middle classes to see their children penalized by affirmative action. "In contemporary America, Republicans and Democrats agree to facilitate the obtaining of loans to the children of the middle class", noted Roman Huret, lecturer at Lyon-II, j. "the blocked social elevator and strong social reproduction."
In high school, there are the perverse effects of the redistricting, well known in France, with a degradation of the quality of public education in some social ghettos, despite interesting initiatives. Guillaume Parmentier, Director of the French Center on the United States, refers to scholarships for underprivileged families to choose the institution, whether public or private. "But the Democrats and teachers ' unions are vehemently against" regrets.
Another initiative, the "busing", transport system for black youth to go to the high schools in white. But they come together more and more in preferred suburban. And, as early as 1973, the Supreme Court ordered an Academy transfers to the other, said Daniel Sabbagh Director of research at Ceri, who saw one of the causes of a movement of "racial reségrégation in the years 1980-1990". Hence the crucial role, he added a powerful positive discrimination in higher education, subject on which, recognizes, today "consensus".
"policy".
A "meritocratic class".
However, the situation is far from idyllic in universities. Jerôme Karabel, Professor of sociology at Berkeley, described the evolution in a century of the "Big Three": Yale, Harvard and Princeton. In what was the temple of the WASP (2), the selection criteria were based on the rank of the family affluence, the sporting qualities. In fifty years, these criteria have tilted dramatically to intellectual qualities, ambition, work. But the replacement of the WASP by "skulls of eggs" has recreated a new type of social reproduction, also denounced by David Brooks, which aligns the statistics: in 1952, 37 of graduates of Harvard parents did not graduate. In 1996, they were more than 11. In 1954, 10 were sons of "blue collar" and only 5 forty years later.
"Today, the rich do not exploit the poor, they are just out of competition.". The crucial advantage is no longer the financial capital but cultural capital. "The meritocratic class reinforces from generation to generation", he analyses. According to him, the problem is not so much the financing of studies aid are legion that the difficulties of young people from media little educated to adapt to the life of "College." "They need to be better prepared, psychologically and culturally," he says. Under sentence to see the "American dream" join other old
clichés.
